Type 1 Diabetes: Warning Signs in Children and Adults

Type 1 diabetes happens when the immune system destroys the cells that make insulin. It isn’t caused by lifestyle, and it can’t be prevented. But spotting it early can prevent a dangerous condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Imagine your nine-year-old suddenly needing the toilet constantly, drinking glass after glass of water and looking thinner despite eating well. You assume it’s a growth spurt. A finger-prick test at the doctor’s shows very high blood sugar. Because you went that day, treatment starts before they become seriously ill.

The 4 Ts: key warning signs

• Toilet: peeing more often, or a dry child starting to wet the bed
• Thirsty: constantly thirsty and drinking more than usual
• Tired: more tired than usual
• Thinner: losing weight without trying

Other signs include blurred vision, thrush or genital itching, and wounds healing slowly. Symptoms often develop over days to weeks.

How it differs from type 2

Type 1 is an autoimmune condition, usually starting in childhood or young adulthood but possible at any age. People need insulin from diagnosis. Type 2 is far more common, develops more gradually, is linked to genetics, weight and activity, and is often managed first with lifestyle changes and tablets. Adults are sometimes misdiagnosed with type 2 when they actually have type 1, so mention it if treatment isn’t working.

But when is it an emergency?

Get emergency care for the 4 Ts plus any of: tummy pain, vomiting, fruity-smelling breath, deep or fast breathing, drowsiness or confusion. These are signs of DKA, which can be life-threatening and needs hospital treatment.

If you notice the 4 Ts, ask for a same-day blood sugar test. It takes seconds and could prevent a crisis.

Sources: World Health Organization (Diabetes), International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes UK (4 Ts), Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF).