Testicular cancer is one of the most common cancers in young men aged about 15 to 49, and it’s among the most treatable, especially when found early. A quick monthly self-check helps you learn what’s normal for you so you notice changes such as a painless lump, swelling or a feeling of heaviness. November’s Movember campaign is a good reminder to start.
How to do a testicular self-exam
- Check during or after a warm shower or bath, when the scrotum is relaxed.
- Hold the scrotum in your palm and check one testicle at a time.
- Gently roll each testicle between thumb and fingers, feeling for lumps, swelling or hard areas.
- Find the epididymis, a soft tube at the back of each testicle. It’s normal and can feel lumpy.
- Notice any change in size, shape or weight compared with last month.
What’s normal
- One testicle may be slightly larger or hang lower
- Testicles should feel smooth and firm, not hard
- The epididymis feels like a soft cord at the back
Warning signs: see a doctor
- A lump or swelling in either testicle (often painless)
- Change in size or shape
- Feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
- Dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
- Sudden fluid in the scrotum
Emergency
Sudden, severe testicular pain could be testicular torsion, which needs surgery within hours. Go to the emergency department immediately.
Other causes of lumps
- Cysts (epididymal cysts)
- Varicocele (enlarged veins, “bag of worms” feel)
- Hydrocele (fluid around the testicle)
- Infection (epididymo-orchitis), often with pain and fever
Most lumps aren’t cancer, but every new lump should be checked, usually with an ultrasound.
Risk factors
- Undescended testicle as a baby
- Family history
- Previous testicular cancer
Frequently asked questions
How often should I check?
Once a month is a common recommendation.
Can testicular cancer be cured?
Yes. Survival rates are very high, especially when diagnosed early.
Related reading: Movember and men’s health · Low testosterone
Checked against NHS guidance on testicular cancer. Updated 5 November 2026.