CKD is rising fast with diabetes and hypertension. CKD stages, slowing progression, haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis basics, protecting the fistula arm, fluid and diet restrictions, hyperkalaemia, and medicines to avoid.
Preterm birth is the leading cause of death in children under five. Recognising threatened preterm labour, WHO recommendations on antenatal steroids and magnesium for neuroprotection, tocolysis, antibiotics for PPROM, and preparing for a small baby.
Thyroid disease is common, especially in women. Recognising under- and over-active thyroid, interpreting TSH and T4, levothyroxine and carbimazole advice, iodine deficiency goitre, thyroid storm, and post-thyroidectomy care.
Acute pancreatitis ranges from mild to life-threatening. Causes (gallstones and alcohol), diagnosis, why early fluid and pain management matter, early feeding, monitoring for organ failure, and patient education.
Violence against nurses is common worldwide. Recognising warning signs of escalating aggression, verbal and non-verbal de-escalation techniques, personal safety, medical causes of agitation, restrictive practice as last resort, and support after incidents.
Depression is common in people with physical illness and often missed. Core symptoms, using PHQ-2 and PHQ-9, how depression presents differently across cultures and ages, starting the conversation, treatment, and safety.
Diarrhoeal disease remains a leading killer of young children, yet most deaths are preventable with simple treatment. Classifying dehydration with IMCI, WHO Plans A, B and C, low-osmolarity ORS, zinc, feeding, and danger signs.
Two of the commonest reasons young children are admitted with breathing problems. Telling them apart, assessing work of breathing, oxygen and feeding support in bronchiolitis, steroids for croup, red flags, and what to tell parents.
Sepsis is a leading cause of newborn deaths worldwide, and early signs are subtle. Risk factors, danger signs in young infants, temperature instability, feeding problems, prompt antibiotics, prevention through hygiene and cord care.
Opioids are essential for pain relief but can cause fatal respiratory depression. Who is at highest risk, why sedation is the early warning sign, monitoring, naloxone dosing principles, PCA safety, and safe discharge.